R21/Matrix-M Malaria Vaccine
Science & Tech

R21/Matrix-M Malaria Vaccine

R21/Matrix-M Malaria Vaccine The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a second new vaccine, R21/Matrix-M, for the prevention of malaria. Among children. ➢ The first vaccine was the RTS, S/AS01 vaccine, which received a WHO recommendation in 2021. About R21/Matrix-M What is this? First malaria vaccine to reach WHO’s 75% efficacy target. Developed by: University of Oxford, Serum Institute of India, European and developing countries Clinical trials Partnership (‘EDCTP’), the Wellcome Trust and the European Investment Bank (‘EIB’) features • The R21/Matrix-M vaccine has been approved for use in some countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Nigeria. Extra Mile: Malaria About • It is a mosquito-borne blood disease caused by Plasmodium protozoa. • The parasite is spread by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. • In the human body, the parasites initially multiply in the liver cells and then attack the red blood. cells (RBC). Symptoms • Fever and flu-like illness, including chills, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. fact Related to Malaria • According to the latest  Report there are 247 million cases of malaria in 2021 as compared to 245 million cases in 2020. • More than 45 thousand cases of malaria were reported in India in 2022. • About 80 percent of all malaria deaths occur in children under five years of age WHO African Region. • Four Countries in Africa Like (Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Republic of Tanzania and Niger) are responsible for more than half of all malaria deaths worldwide. • Gene drive is a type of genetic engineering technology that modifies genes so that they Do not follow specific rules of heredity. This technique can be an effective way Eradicate nuisance species such as mosquitoes that spread malaria. Initiatives   WHO Initiatives o E-2025 Initiative – 25 countries have been identified to eliminate malaria by 2025  o High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) – launched in 11 high malaria burden countries, To reinvigorate the pace of progress in the global malaria fight, including in India. o WHO’s Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 aims to reduce the incidence of malaria Incidence and mortality rates will be at least 40% by 2020, at least 75% by 2025, and at least 90% by 2030 compared to the 2015 baseline. Indian Initiative The National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination for 5 Years was launched in 2017 The Government of India has set a target to eliminate malaria in India by 2027.    Malaria Elimination Research Alliance-India (MERA-India) was established by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) o India gifts one lakh anti-malaria tablets of hydroxychloroquine and 50,000 surgical tablets Gloves for Bangladesh. o Real-time data monitoring through an integrated health information platform (HIPMalaria Portal).   Read more

Was Napoleon as bad as Hitler?
History

Was Napoleon as Bad as Hitler?

Comparison of historical figures such as Napoleon Bonaparte and Adolf Hitler involves considering different aspects and contexts. Both were important figures in history, but their actions, influences and contexts were different: Actions and Ambitions: Napoleon was a military general and emperor of France. Their goal was to expand French influence and create a European empire, often through military conquest. Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Nazi Germany. His ambitions included not only territorial expansion but also the implementation of racial ideologies, which led to the persecution of other groups as well as the massacre of six million Jews in the Holocaust. Military Campaigns: During the Napoleonic Wars Napoleon engaged in numerous battles across Europe, leading to significant changes in European borders and power dynamics. Hitler initiated World War II, resulting in mass destruction and loss of life and property throughout Europe and beyond. humanitarian impact: While Napoleon’s wars had a substantial impact on many countries, his rule also brought legal and administrative reforms to the territories he conquered. Hitler’s regime systematically carried out genocidal policies, leading to the extermination of millions of people and untold suffering.During World War 2 In terms of the scale and horror of his actions, Hitler’s policies and their consequences, especially the genocide, are often considered unparalleled in modern history. The deliberate and systematic effort to exterminate entire populations based on racial ideologies distinguishes Hitler’s regime as exceptionally tyrannical. Napoleon’s influence on Europe was substantial, but his actions and ambitions, though destructive in many ways, did not include the systematic genocide and racial extermination seen under Hitler’s rule. Crux While both figures had far-reaching consequences, historians generally agree that Hitler’s policies, particularly the Holocaust, stand out as a uniquely heinous chapter in history, making his regime more destructive than Napoleon’s. And it is morally repugnant.

Why World War II is more famous than World War I?
History

Why World War II is more famous than World War I?

Although both the world wars claimed a millions of life but world war 2 is more famouse than world war 1 , because of the following reasons. The Holocaust and Genocide: World War II was marked by the Holocaust, where six million Jews were systematically destroyed by the Nazis. Additionally, other massacres and atrocities such as in the Soviet Union, China, and other parts of the world contributed to the devastating human losses in the war. These events left an indelible mark on history and human consciousness. Technological Advancements and Total War: World War II saw significant technological advancements, including the use of airplanes, tanks, and atomic bombs. The war involved a mo re widespread and thorough mobilization of societies, affecting civilians as well as soldiers, resulting in greater destruction and casualties. Global scale and impact: While World War I involved many countries, Wo rld War II had a much broader global reach, involving a greater number of countries across continents. The effects of the war were felt not only in Europe but also in Asia, Africa and other regions. Clear historical narrative: The events of World War II, including the rise of totalitarian regimes and aggressive expansionism, are often seen as a more straightforward narrative than the complex web of alliances and factors that contributed to World War I. World War II is easy for historians to explain in terms of causes and consequences. Immediate Priority: World War II occurred directly after World War I, and many of its consequences, such as the Treaty of Versailles, economic depression, and unresolved issues from the first war, contributed to the outbreak of the second war. The two world wars are often seen as interconnected chapters in global history. Media Coverage and Documentation: With the advancement of technology, World War II was extensively documented through photographs, film, and radio broadcasts. This media coverage brought the realities of the war closer to people around the world, shaping public perception and memory. While World War I laid the foundation for many of the conflicts that followed, the devastating events of World War II and their profound impact on global politics, society, and human rights made it more well-known and widely studied in popular culture and historical scholarship. .  

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