Introduction to Geography

1.1 What is Geography?
1.2 Branches of Geography: Physical, Human, Economic
1.3 Importance of Geography in UPSC

Part I: Indian Geography

2. Physical Geography of India

2.1 Geographical Features of India
2.2 Geological History of India
2.3 Major Physiographic Divisions of India
2.4 The Himalayan Range: Origin, Division, and Importance
2.5 The Northern Plains of India
2.6 The Peninsular Plateau
2.7 The Coastal Plains and Islands
2.8 The Indian Desert
2.9 Major Passes in India
2.10 Seismic Zones and Vulnerability in India

3. Climate of India

3.1 Factors Influencing Climate of India
3.2 Indian Monsoon: Mechanism, Theories, and Variability
3.3 Seasons in India: Summer, Winter, Monsoon, and Post-Monsoon
3.4 Climatic Regions of India
3.5 El Niño, La Niña, and Their Impact on Indian Climate
3.6 Droughts and Floods in India

4. Drainage System of India

4.1 Evolution of Drainage System
4.2 The Himalayan Rivers: Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra
4.3 The Peninsular Rivers: Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Narmada, Tapi
4.4 River Water Disputes in India
4.5 Inland Drainage and Lakes of India
4.6 River Pollution and Conservation Efforts

5. Soil and Vegetation of India

5.1 Types of Soils in India: Alluvial, Black, Red, Laterite, etc.
5.2 Soil Erosion and Conservation
5.3 Major Soil Regions of India
5.4 Natural Vegetation of India
5.5 Forest Types and Distribution in India
5.6 Wildlife and Biosphere Reserves

6. Natural Resources of India

6.1 Minerals and Mines in India
6.2 Energy Resources: Conventional and Non-Conventional
6.3 Water Resources and Watershed Management
6.4 Forest Resources
6.5 Agriculture: Land Use, Cropping Patterns, and Types of Farming
6.6 Green Revolution and its Impact on Indian Agriculture

7. Population and Human Geography of India

7.1 Demographic Structure of India
7.2 Population Density and Distribution
7.3 Urbanization in India
7.4 Rural-Urban Migration
7.5 Population Policies and Challenges
7.6 Social Geography: Caste, Language, Religion, and Tribes of India

8. Economic Geography of India

8.1 Industries in India: Types, Location, and Distribution
8.2 Industrial Policies and Industrial Regions
8.3 Transport and Communication: Roads, Railways, Waterways, and Airways
8.4 Ports and Shipping in India
8.5 SEZs (Special Economic Zones) and Smart Cities

9. Agriculture and Irrigation in India

9.1 Major Crops: Cereals, Pulses, Oilseeds, Cash Crops
9.2 Agricultural Practices: Traditional and Modern
9.3 Green Revolution and Agricultural Productivity
9.4 Irrigation Systems: Canal, Well, Drip Irrigation
9.5 Major Irrigation Projects and Multipurpose River Valley Projects
9.6 Problems and Challenges in Indian Agriculture

10. Natural Disasters and Management in India

10.1 Types of Natural Disasters in India: Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Landslides, Cyclones
10.2 Disaster Management Mechanisms in India
10.3 Vulnerability of Indian Regions to Natural Disasters
10.4 Role of Government and NDMA in Disaster Preparedness

11. Environmental Issues in India

11.1 Environmental Pollution: Air, Water, Soil, Noise
11.2 Conservation of Natural Resources: Forest, Wildlife, and Water
11.3 Biodiversity and Protected Areas in India
11.4 National Environmental Policies and Acts
11.5 International Environmental Agreements and India’s Role.

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Part 2 World Geography By Shabbu Ias