UPSC

playwright Bhasa UPSC 2024 Which one of the following is a work attributed to playwright Bhasa? (a) Kavyalankara             (b) Natyashastra (c) Madhyama-vyayoga  (d) Mahabhashya Ans. C Madhyama-vyayoga is one of the thirteen plays attributed to Bhasa, a renowned Sanskrit playwright. The other options are incorrect: Kavyalankara is a work on Sanskrit poetics by Bhamaha. Natyashastra is a treatise on performing arts attributed to Bharata Muni. Mahabhashya is a commentary on Pāṇini’s Ashtadhyayi written by Patanjali. Know More About Playwright Bhasa Bhasa was an ancient Indian playwright and poet, believed to have lived between the 3rd and 5th centuries CE. His works are among the earliest examples of classical Sanskrit drama and are highly regarded for their dramatic depth and literary artistry. Bhasa’s plays are notable for their exploration of themes such as heroism, love, and moral dilemmas. He is credited with writing around thirteen plays, although the exact number is debated. Some of his most famous plays include “Swapnavasavadatta,” “Pratijna Yaugandharayana,” and “Madhyama Vyayoga.” Bhasa’s dramas are known for their vibrant characters, complex plots, and use of intense dialogue. His works were rediscovered in the 19th century and have since been celebrated for their influence on later Sanskrit theatre and literature. Also Read  Government of India Act, 1935 UPSC 2024 Ethics Committee in the Lok Sabha UPSC Pre 2024 longest border between two countries UPSC 2024 CDS UPSC pre 2024  

Government of India Act, 1935 UPSC 2024. With reference to the Government of India Act, 1935, consider the following statements: 1. It provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation based on the union of the British Indian Provinces and Princely States. 2. Defence and Foreign Affairs were kept under the control of the federal legislature. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only                                 (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2                      (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Ans. A Statement 1 is correct. The Government of India Act, 1935 proposed the establishment of an All-India Federation, which would comprise both the British Indian provinces and the Princely States. However, this federation never came into being due to opposition from the princely states. Statement 2 is incorrect. The Act kept subjects like Defence and Foreign Affairs under the direct control of the Governor-General, who was appointed by the British Crown. These subjects were not under the purview of the federal legislature. Know more about GOI Act 1935 Government of India Act 1935 was a significant piece of legislation passed by the British Parliament aimed at reforming the governance structure of British India. It was one of the last major constitutional changes before India’s independence. Here are the key features of the Act: Federal Structure: The Act introduced a federal system of government, dividing powers between the central government and the provinces. It established a Federal Court and provided for the creation of a federation of British India and the princely states. Provincial Autonomy: It granted substantial autonomy to the provinces, which were given greater control over their internal affairs. The provinces were empowered to have their own governments and legislatures. Diarchy in Provinces: The Act retained the system of diarchy (dual government) in the provinces, which had been introduced by the Government of India Act 1919. This system divided government functions between elected Indian ministers and appointed British officials. Bicameral Legislature: It established a bicameral federal legislature, consisting of the Council of State (upper house) and the Legislative Assembly (lower house). Members of the Legislative Assembly were elected through a complex system of indirect elections. Abolition of Dyarchy at the Centre: Unlike the provincial level, the central government saw the abolition of diarchy, with more power being vested in a central executive. Reserved Powers: Certain powers were reserved for the central government, including defense, foreign affairs, and communications, while other functions were devolved to provincial governments. Constitutional Reforms: The Act also made provisions for the protection of minorities and certain fundamental rights, although these were limited. Lack of Full Independence: Despite these reforms, the Act did not grant full self-government or independence to India, which continued to be under British control. The Government of India Act 1935 was an important step towards greater self-governance, but it did not satisfy all Indian leaders’ demands for complete independence, which eventually led to further political developments and the eventual independence of India in 1947. Also Read  Ethics Committee in the Lok Sabha UPSC Pre 2024 longest border between two countries UPSC 2024 CDS UPSC pre 2024 Dafne Keen Biography The UNESCO Explained  

longest border between any two countries UPSC Pre 2024  Longest border between two countries in the world is between: (a) Canada and the United States of America (b) Chile and Argentina (c) China and India (d) Kazakhstan and Russian Federation Ans. A Also know The longest boundary between two countries in the world is the border between Canada and the United States. It stretches approximately 8,891 kilometers (5,525 miles), making it the longest international boundary globally.

CDS UPSC pre 2024 Question  What are the duties of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) as Head of the Department of Military Affairs? 1. Permanent Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee 2. Exercise military command over the three Service Chiefs 3. Principal Military Advisor to Defence Minister on all tri-service matters Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3                                  (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only                              (d) 1 and 3 only Ans. D As the Permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (Option 1) The task of Chief of Defence Staff is to better standardize weapons procurement procedures and combine operations of the Army, Air Force and Navy (implying being a Principal Military Advisor) There is no mention of exercising military command over the three Service Chiefs (Option 2 is incorrect) Also Read Dafne Keen Biography The UNESCO Explained The United Nation Explained The world Bank Explained 10 Major International Organizations

Social Exclusion  Social Exclusion refers to the process by which certain individuals or groups are systematically marginalized from participating fully in the economic, social, cultural, and political life of their societies. It involves the denial of opportunities and resources that are crucial for social integration and can lead to disadvantages across multiple dimensions, including poverty, education, employment, housing, and access to services. Key Aspects of Social Exclusion Multidimensional Nature: Social exclusion is not just about economic deprivation; it encompasses a range of factors that prevent individuals or groups from fully participating in society. These can include discrimination based on race, gender, disability, age, or sexual orientation, as well as barriers to education, healthcare, housing, and employment. Processes of Exclusion: Exclusion can be both institutional and social. Institutional exclusion occurs when laws, policies, and practices systematically disadvantage certain groups, while social exclusion involves societal attitudes and behaviors that stigmatize or marginalize individuals or groups. Cumulative Disadvantage: Social exclusion often leads to a cycle of cumulative disadvantage, where individuals or groups face multiple, reinforcing layers of exclusion that exacerbate their marginalization. For example, a person who is excluded from education may also struggle to find employment, leading to further economic and social exclusion. Theoretical Perspectives on Social Exclusion Amartya Sen: Sen views social exclusion as both a cause and a consequence of poverty. He emphasizes the role of “capabilities” in addressing social exclusion, arguing that being excluded from participating in various aspects of life diminishes an individual’s capabilities, which are essential for living a fulfilling life. Sen distinguishes between active and passive exclusion. Active exclusion refers to deliberate actions that prevent certain groups from participating, while passive exclusion occurs when certain groups are inadvertently left out due to systemic issues. Pierre Bourdieu: Bourdieu’s concept of social capital is relevant to social exclusion. He argued that social capital, or the networks and connections that individuals have, plays a significant role in determining one’s social position. Those who lack social capital are more likely to be excluded from key opportunities and resources. Bourdieu also introduced the idea of cultural capital, which can contribute to social exclusion when individuals or groups lack the cultural knowledge, education, or skills valued by society. Ruth Levitas: Levitas, a sociologist, explored the ideological underpinnings of social exclusion, identifying three main discourses: Redistributionist Discourse (RED), which focuses on poverty and economic inequality; Moral Underclass Discourse (MUD), which attributes exclusion to moral failings; and Social Integrationist Discourse (SID), which emphasizes the importance of integrating individuals into the labor market. Levitas argues that social exclusion is often framed in ways that blame the excluded for their own situation, rather than addressing the structural factors that contribute to their exclusion. Anthony Giddens: Giddens discusses social exclusion in the context of modernity, arguing that rapid social and economic changes can lead to increased social fragmentation and exclusion. He emphasizes the role of institutions in either mitigating or exacerbating social exclusion and calls for policies that promote social inclusion and cohesion. Examples and Implications of Social Exclusion Economic Exclusion: Unemployment, low wages, and lack of access to financial services can prevent individuals from participating in the economy, leading to poverty and social isolation. Educational Exclusion: Limited access to quality education can prevent individuals from acquiring the skills and knowledge needed to participate fully in society, perpetuating cycles of exclusion. Health Exclusion: Disparities in access to healthcare can lead to poor health outcomes, further marginalizing excluded groups and limiting their ability to participate in social and economic life. Spatial Exclusion: Geographic factors, such as living in disadvantaged neighborhoods or remote areas, can lead to social exclusion by limiting access to services, employment, and social networks. Political Exclusion: Certain groups may be excluded from political participation, either through legal barriers (e.g., voter suppression) or social barriers (e.g., lack of representation), limiting their ability to influence decisions that affect their lives. Addressing Social Exclusion Efforts to combat social exclusion often focus on promoting social inclusion, which involves creating policies and practices that ensure equal access to opportunities and resources for all individuals, regardless of their background or circumstances. This can include: Anti-discrimination laws and policies to protect marginalized groups. Social welfare programs that provide economic support and services to those in need. Inclusive education policies that ensure equal access to quality education. Community development initiatives that strengthen social networks and build social capital. Political reforms that increase representation and participation of marginalized groups. Social exclusion remains a critical issue in sociology and public policy, as it challenges the ideals of equity, justice, and social cohesion in contemporary societies.  Also Read Stratification in sociology Explained Hema committee Report Termination of Indian citizenship Process to Acquire Indian citizenship Why do we celebrate Rakshabandhan