History

Why Eid Milad un-Nabi is celebrated? Eid Milad un-Nabi, also referred to as Mawlid al-Nabi, is an Islamic celebration that marks the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the final messenger in Islam. This event holds great religious significance for Muslims around the world, as Prophet Muhammad is revered for his role in conveying the message of Islam and guiding humanity toward a path of righteousness, justice, and compassion. Although the celebration of this day varies across different Muslim communities, its core meaning remains the same: to honor the life, teachings, and legacy of the Prophet. Historical Background and Origins The celebration of Eid Milad un-Nabi can be traced back to the early centuries of Islam. Initially, it was observed in the form of small gatherings where Muslims would remember the life of the Prophet, discuss his teachings, and recite poetry in his honor. However, it was during the 12th century that this day began to be commemorated more formally, particularly during the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt. This marked the institutionalization of the practice of celebrating the Prophet’s birth, making it a public and organized event. It is important to note that the observance of Eid Milad un-Nabi is not uniform across the Muslim world. Some sects, such as the Sunni and Shia communities, celebrate the event with enthusiasm, while other sects, like the Salafis and Wahhabis, view it as an innovation (Bid’ah) that did not exist during the Prophet’s time, and therefore, they refrain from its celebration. The debate surrounding the religious legitimacy of Mawlid stems from differences in interpretation of Islamic teachings, particularly regarding innovation in religious practices. Despite this, the celebration remains widely popular among millions of Muslims. Spiritual and Religious Significance For many Muslims, Eid Milad un-Nabi serves as a profound reminder of the Prophet Muhammad’s exemplary life, which serves as a model of moral conduct for humanity. The Prophet is known for his humility, compassion, honesty, and dedication to the welfare of others. His role as a leader, peacemaker, and reformer in 7th-century Arabia is often highlighted during this time. By reflecting on his character, Muslims aspire to incorporate his teachings into their own lives. One of the key aspects of the celebration is the recitation of Salawat—sending blessings upon the Prophet. This act is deeply rooted in the Quran, where Allah commands believers to send peace and blessings upon the Prophet (Quran 33:56). Therefore, reciting Salawat during Eid Milad un-Nabi is seen as a way to express love and reverence for the Prophet. It is also believed that this practice brings the believer closer to Allah and the Prophet, offering spiritual rewards. In addition to recitations, lectures and discussions are often held to emphasize the Prophet’s teachings on social justice, compassion, mercy, and the importance of maintaining strong community ties. These gatherings provide an opportunity for Muslims to deepen their understanding of the Quran and Hadith (the sayings and actions of the Prophet), as well as to renew their commitment to living a life that mirrors the Prophet’s example. Customs and Practices The customs associated with Eid Milad un-Nabi vary greatly depending on cultural and regional traditions. In many parts of the Muslim world, the day begins with special prayers and recitations of the Quran. Mosques and homes are often decorated with lights and banners that bear the Prophet’s name or verses from the Quran. Streets are adorned with colorful lights, and parades are organized in some cities to celebrate the occasion publicly. In countries such as Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Egypt, the celebration of Eid Milad un-Nabi is often marked by large processions, where participants carry banners, flags, and images of Islamic calligraphy. Sweets and food are distributed in neighborhoods, and charity is given to the poor as a way of honoring the Prophet’s emphasis on generosity and care for the less fortunate. The communal aspect of Eid Milad un-Nabi is significant. Muslims come together in gatherings called Mawlid gatherings, where the life of the Prophet is narrated in the form of stories and poetry. These gatherings may include the recitation of the Prophet’s genealogy, praises for his qualities, and a reminder of the miraculous events that occurred during his birth. These practices foster a sense of unity among the Muslim community, creating a collective spiritual experience that strengthens their bond with the Prophet. Controversy and Different Views Despite its popularity, the celebration of Eid Milad un-Nabi has been met with opposition from certain Islamic scholars and groups. Those who oppose it argue that the Prophet and his companions never observed his birthday, nor did they endorse such celebrations. They consider it an innovation (Bid’ah) that was introduced later in Islamic history and therefore believe that it is not in accordance with authentic Islamic teachings. These critics advocate for following the Prophet’s example strictly and avoiding any practices that were not part of his time. On the other hand, proponents of Eid Milad un-Nabi argue that celebrating the Prophet’s life and teachings is a form of expressing love and devotion, which is encouraged in Islam. They maintain that as long as the celebration does not contradict Islamic principles, it can be a means of remembering the Prophet and enhancing one’s faith. 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Dafne keen Biography  Dafne Keen is a young British actress known for her compelling performances in film and television. Born on January 4, 2005, in Madrid, Spain, she is the daughter of Spanish actress Ana Fernández and British actor Will Keen. Her multicultural background and early exposure to the entertainment industry have significantly shaped her career. Early Life and Background Dafne Keen’s early life was marked by a blend of Spanish and British influences. Her parents’ careers in acting provided her with a unique perspective on the industry. Growing up, Keen was exposed to the intricacies of film and television production, which undoubtedly fueled her passion for acting. Her fluency in both English and Spanish has been an asset in her career, allowing her to navigate both European and international markets with ease. Career Beginnings Dafne Keen’s acting career began at a young age. She made her professional debut in the British television series “The Refugees” (Los Últimos de Filipinas) in 2014, where she showcased her potential despite being very young. Her role in this show provided a platform for her to demonstrate her talent and versatility. Breakthrough Role Keen’s breakthrough came with her role as Lyra Silvertongue in the HBO/BBC adaptation of Philip Pullman’s fantasy novel series, “His Dark Materials.” In the series, she portrayed a brave and resourceful young girl who embarks on a quest to uncover a sinister plot. Keen’s portrayal of Lyra was met with critical acclaim, highlighting her ability to convey complex emotions and carry a leading role with maturity beyond her years. “Logan” and Global Recognition Dafne Keen gained international recognition with her role as Laura (also known as X-23) in the 2017 film “Logan,” directed by James Mangold. This film is a part of the X-Men franchise and stands out for its darker, more mature take on the superhero genre. Keen’s performance as Laura, a young mutant with incredible abilities, was widely praised. She managed to hold her own alongside established actors Hugh Jackman and Patrick Stewart, demonstrating a rare blend of vulnerability and strength. Her role in “Logan” not only solidified her status as a rising star but also earned her several award nominations, including the Critics’ Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer. Continued Success and Other Projects Following her success in “Logan,” Keen continued to build her career with a range of diverse roles. She starred in the 2019 film “Ana de Armas,” a Spanish thriller directed by Kike Maíllo, showcasing her ability to perform in different languages and genres. Her performance in this film was well-received, further establishing her as a versatile actress. Keen’s role in “The King’s Man” (2021), a prequel to the popular “Kingsman” series, highlighted her ability to adapt to various film styles. In this film, she portrayed a young girl amidst the backdrop of World War I, adding another dimension to her growing portfolio. Personal Life Despite her young age, Dafne Keen has managed to maintain a level of privacy about her personal life. She is known to be a dedicated and focused individual, often immersing herself fully in her roles. Her parents’ influence and guidance have been crucial in her development as an actress, and her early training and experiences have undoubtedly shaped her approach to her craft. Future Prospects As of now, Dafne Keen is considered one of the most promising young actresses in the industry. Her ability to take on challenging roles and deliver performances with depth and nuance suggests a bright future ahead. Her career trajectory indicates that she is not only capable of handling leading roles but also of exploring a wide range of genres and styles. Conclusion Dafne Keen’s journey from a child actor to a rising star in Hollywood is a testament to her talent and dedication. With a career that began at a young age and a string of notable performances, she has already made a significant impact on the entertainment industry. As she continues to grow and evolve as an actress, audiences and critics alike will undoubtedly be watching closely to see where her career leads next. Her blend of talent, versatility, and dedication promises a future filled with exciting opportunities and accomplishments. Also Read The UNESCO Explained The United Nation Explained The world Bank Explained 10 Major International Organizations Major players in Global Politics

The hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight IC 814. The hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight IC 814 was a complex and high-stakes crisis with far-reaching implications. Here’s a more detailed account: Incident Overview Flight Details: Indian Airlines Flight IC 814 was a Boeing 737-200 operating on a domestic route from Kathmandu, Nepal, to New Delhi, India, with a stopover in Amritsar, Punjab. Hijacking Details Date and Time: The hijacking began on December 24, 1999, when the aircraft took off from Kathmandu. Hijackers: Five armed militants, affiliated with the terrorist organization Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM), led by Maulana Masood Azhar, took control of the plane. They were armed with firearms and explosives. Hijacking Method: The hijackers, pretending to be passengers, took control of the plane shortly after takeoff. They had planned the hijacking in advance and were prepared for multiple stages of the operation. Demands and Negotiations Initial Demands: The hijackers demanded the release of three terrorists from Indian prisons: Maulana Masood Azhar: Leader of the Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) militant group. Omar Sheikh: A British-born terrorist. Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar: A militant leader. Negotiations: Indian authorities, under pressure to save the lives of the 155 passengers and crew on board, engaged in extended negotiations with the hijackers. The Indian government faced intense international and domestic pressure to resolve the situation without resorting to violence. Key Events During the Hijacking Landing in Amritsar: The plane was diverted to Amritsar’s airport, where it remained on the tarmac for several hours. During this time, Indian authorities attempted to negotiate with the hijackers while also preparing a potential rescue operation. Diversion to Lahore: The plane was subsequently diverted to Lahore, Pakistan. The Pakistani authorities, at first, offered support, but the hijackers demanded further concessions, leading to a tense standoff. Arrival in Kandahar: After several days of negotiations and threats, the plane was flown to Kandahar, Afghanistan, which was under Taliban control at the time. The hijackers demanded that their demands be met before releasing the hostages. Resolution and Release Government Decision: Facing an increasingly dire situation and fearing for the lives of the hostages, the Indian government made the controversial decision to release the three terrorists in exchange for the hostages’ freedom. The decision was made under significant pressure and in consultation with various international parties. Release of Hostages: On December 31, 1999, the hijackers released the hostages after receiving confirmation that the terrorists had been freed. The passengers and crew were safely returned to India. Aftermath and Consequences Impact on Security: The hijacking led to significant changes in aviation security protocols, including increased security screenings, tighter regulations on carry-on items, and enhanced counter-terrorism measures worldwide. Diplomatic Fallout: The incident strained India-Pakistan relations. Although the Pakistani government was not directly involved, the involvement of militants based in Pakistan led to heightened tensions between the two countries. Further Activities of Released Terrorists: Maulana Masood Azhar went on to found the Jaish-e-Mohammed, a group involved in several terrorist attacks, including the 2001 Indian Parliament attack. Omar Sheikh was implicated in various terrorist activities, including the murder of journalist Daniel Pearl. Legacy International Response: The hijacking underscored the need for global cooperation in combating terrorism and improving aviation security. It also highlighted the challenges faced by governments when dealing with hostage situations involving terrorists. The IC 814 hijacking remains a critical case study in counter-terrorism and aviation security, reflecting the complexities and difficult choices faced by governments in high-stakes situations. Also Read Why do we celebrate Teachers’ Day? Rise of liberalism in Iran What is Digital House Arrest? Agents of social change The Paralympics Explained

Why do we celebrate Teachers’ Day Teachers’ Day is celebrated to honor and recognize the contributions of teachers in shaping the future of individuals and society. The significance of this day can be understood through the following points: Acknowledgment of Teachers’ Role: Teachers play a critical role in educating and guiding students, shaping their academic and moral growth. Teachers’ Day provides an opportunity to acknowledge their hard work and dedication. Historical Significance: In many countries, Teachers’ Day is observed on the birthday of a notable educator. For example, in India, it is celebrated on September 5th, the birth anniversary of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a distinguished philosopher and the second President of India, who was also a great teacher and scholar. Encouragement and Motivation: Celebrating Teachers’ Day helps boost the morale of teachers and encourages them to continue their efforts in providing quality education and support to students. Student-Teacher Relationship: It strengthens the bond between students and teachers, promoting mutual respect and appreciation. Promotion of Education: The day highlights the importance of education and the need to support and invest in teachers and educational institutions for the betterment of society. Overall, Teachers’ Day serves as a reminder of the invaluable contribution of teachers to personal and societal development. About Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan  Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was a renowned philosopher, scholar, and educator who made significant contributions to Indian education and philosophy. Here are some key facts about him: Early Life: Born on September 5, 1888, in Tirutani, Tamil Nadu, India, Radhakrishnan grew up in a modest family. His early education was influenced by his father, who was a school headmaster. Educational Background: He pursued higher education at Madras Christian College, where he excelled in philosophy. He later earned his Master’s degree from the University of Madras. Philosophical Work: Radhakrishnan is known for his work on Indian philosophy and comparative religion. His notable works include “The Philosophy of the Upanishads” and “Indian Philosophy,” which have been influential in the study of Indian thought. Teaching Career: He was a prominent educator and taught at various institutions, including Madras Presidency College, the University of Calcutta, and Oxford University. His teaching style and depth of knowledge earned him widespread respect. Political and Diplomatic Roles: Radhakrishnan served as a member of the Rajya Sabha, India’s upper house of Parliament, and was involved in diplomatic missions, including serving as India’s Ambassador to the Soviet Union. Presidency: He became the second President of India, serving from 1962 to 1967. Prior to this, he was the first Vice President of India from 1952 to 1962. Awards and Honors: Radhakrishnan was honored with numerous awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in 1954. He was also knighted by the British government in 1931. Teachers’ Day: In India, Teachers’ Day is celebrated on September 5th each year, which is Radhakrishnan’s birthday, to honor his contributions to education and his role as a teacher. Legacy: His teachings and writings have had a lasting impact on Indian philosophy and education, and he remains a respected figure in both fields. Also Read  Rise of liberalism in Iran What is Digital House Arrest? Agents of social change The Paralympics Explained Nation and Nationalism

The Paralympics Explained The Paralympics are a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities. They run parallel to the Olympic Games and showcase the talents and competitive spirit of athletes with various physical, sensory, and intellectual impairments. Here’s an overview: History and Origin Origins: The modern Paralympic Games began in 1960 in Rome, Italy, but the movement traces its roots to the Stoke Mandeville Games, which were started by Dr. Ludwig Guttmann in 1948 for World War II veterans with spinal cord injuries. Name: The term “Paralympics” is derived from “parallel” to the Olympics, signifying that the games run alongside the Olympics, though they are distinct in their focus on athletes with disabilities. Structure and Organization Governance: The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) is the global governing body responsible for organizing the Paralympic Games and promoting Paralympic sport. Events: The Paralympics feature a wide range of sports, many of which are similar to Olympic sports but adapted to accommodate various disabilities. These include: Wheelchair Basketball Para Swimming Para Athletics Sitting Volleyball Para Ice Hockey Classification System: Athletes are classified based on their disabilities to ensure fair competition. This system groups athletes into categories based on their functional abilities. Key Features Inclusivity: The Paralympics highlight the abilities and achievements of athletes with disabilities, promoting inclusivity and challenging stereotypes about disability. Athlete Diversity: Athletes with a range of disabilities participate, including those with mobility impairments, visual impairments, and intellectual disabilities. Global Participation: The Games are a platform for athletes from around the world to compete at the highest level, with participation from numerous countries. Cultural and Social Impact Awareness and Perception: The Paralympics raise awareness about disability and contribute to changing societal perceptions, fostering greater acceptance and understanding. Inspiration: The Games showcase the incredible skills, determination, and resilience of athletes, inspiring people both with and without disabilities. Advocacy: The Paralympics contribute to advocacy efforts for accessibility, inclusivity, and the rights of people with disabilities. In summary, the Paralympics are a prestigious international event that highlights the achievements of athletes with disabilities, promotes inclusivity and awareness, and offers a platform for showcasing athletic excellence and determination. Also Read The system of kinship In India Social classes in India Tribal communities in India caste and politics The caste system

Janmashtami: Significance, Traditions, and Celebrations. Janmashtami, also known as Krishna Janmashtami or Gokulashtami, is a major Hindu festival that celebrates the birth of Lord Krishna, one of the most revered deities in Hinduism. Observed on the eighth day (Ashtami) of the dark fortnight in the month of Bhadrapada (usually August or September in the Gregorian calendar), Janmashtami is celebrated with great enthusiasm and devotion across India and in many parts of the world where Hindu communities reside. The festival holds immense religious significance and is marked by various customs, rituals, and festivities that reflect the joyous spirit of Krishna’s birth. Significance of Janmashtami Lord Krishna is considered the eighth incarnation (avatar) of Lord Vishnu, who descended to Earth to restore dharma (righteousness) and eliminate adharma (unrighteousness). His life and teachings, as depicted in ancient texts like the Bhagavad Gita and the Mahabharata, have had a profound impact on Hindu philosophy and culture. Janmashtami celebrates the divine birth of Krishna in the city of Mathura, where he was born to Devaki and Vasudeva in a prison cell, under the tyrannical rule of King Kansa, Devaki’s brother. According to Hindu mythology, Krishna was born to rid the world of the evils perpetuated by Kansa and to protect dharma. His life is full of miraculous events, from his childhood pranks and playful activities in Gokul and Vrindavan to his pivotal role in the Kurukshetra war, where he delivered the Bhagavad Gita to Arjuna. The festival is a reminder of Krishna’s divine purpose and his message of love, compassion, and righteousness. It serves as an occasion for devotees to reflect on his teachings and seek his blessings for a life guided by dharma. Traditions and Rituals Janmashtami is observed with a variety of rituals and customs, which vary across regions but share a common theme of devotion to Lord Krishna. Fasting (Upavasa): Many devotees observe a fast on Janmashtami, abstaining from food and water, or consuming only fruits and milk, until midnight, which is believed to be the time of Krishna’s birth. The fast is a form of penance and devotion, symbolizing the devotee’s dedication to Krishna. Midnight Celebrations: Since Krishna is believed to have been born at midnight, the most significant rituals take place during this time. Devotees gather in temples and homes, singing devotional songs (bhajans) and chanting Krishna’s name. At the stroke of midnight, a special prayer (aarti) is performed, and the idol of baby Krishna (Bal Gopal) is placed in a cradle, signifying his birth. The event is marked with the blowing of conch shells and the ringing of bells. Dahi Handi: In Maharashtra and parts of Gujarat, the festival is also known for the Dahi Handi tradition. This event reenacts Krishna’s childhood prank of stealing butter and curd from pots hung high in the air. A clay pot filled with curd, butter, and sometimes money, is suspended high above the ground, and teams of young men and boys form human pyramids to break the pot. The event is competitive and draws large crowds, symbolizing Krishna’s mischievous yet divine nature. Rasa Lila and Krishna Leela: In regions like Vrindavan and Mathura, which are closely associated with Krishna’s life, dramatic reenactments of Krishna’s childhood and youth, known as Rasa Lila and Krishna Leela, are performed. These plays depict the various episodes of Krishna’s life, especially his playful interactions with the gopis (milkmaids) and his divine love for Radha. Decorating Temples and Homes: Temples dedicated to Krishna are elaborately decorated with flowers, lights, and colorful fabrics. Devotees also decorate their homes, creating small cradles or altars for the baby Krishna. In some places, large public displays or tableaux (jhankis) depict scenes from Krishna’s life, drawing crowds of devotees. Chanting and Singing: Devotional singing is a key aspect of Janmashtami celebrations. Bhajans and kirtans in praise of Krishna are sung throughout the day and night. Devotees chant the Hare Krishna mantra and other verses from the Bhagavad Gita and Bhagavatam, immersing themselves in the divine name. Regional Variations in Celebrations Janmashtami is celebrated with unique regional variations across India. Mathura and Vrindavan: In Mathura, the birthplace of Krishna, and Vrindavan, where he spent his childhood, Janmashtami is celebrated with unparalleled fervor. The entire region comes alive with processions, devotional singing, and reenactments of Krishna’s life. Temples like the Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple in Mathura and the Banke Bihari Temple in Vrindavan become the focal points of celebrations. Maharashtra: The Dahi Handi tradition is particularly popular in Mumbai and Pune, where it has become a major public event. Teams of young men, known as Govindas, compete to break the pot, and the event is often accompanied by music and dance. Gujarat: In Gujarat, especially in Dwarka, where Krishna is believed to have ruled as a king, Janmashtami is celebrated with grand processions and temple rituals. The Dwarkadhish Temple in Dwarka sees thousands of devotees gathering for the midnight aarti and darshan. South India: In Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, Janmashtami is known as Gokulashtami or Sri Krishna Jayanti. Devotees draw footprints of baby Krishna at the entrance of their homes to symbolize his arrival. Special dishes like seedai and appam are prepared as offerings. Conclusion Janmashtami is more than just a religious festival; it is a celebration of the timeless teachings of Lord Krishna, who has been an enduring symbol of divine love, wisdom, and righteousness. The festival brings together communities in a spirit of devotion, joy, and reverence, and it serves as a reminder of the eternal struggle between good and evil, and the triumph of dharma over adharma. Whether through fasting, singing, dancing, or reenacting Krishna’s life, devotees across the world express their love and reverence for Krishna, reaffirming their commitment to the values he embodied. Also Read  Ethnomethodology UPSC Phenomenology Sociology UPSC UNSC Reform Relevance of The UN in Today’s World SC Vedict On Sc/St Reservation